LINGUIST List: Vol-6-210. Mon 13 Feb 1995. ISSN: 1068-4875. Lines: 430 1) Date: Mon, 13 Feb 1995 11:01:12 +1200 From: Jan Tent (TENT_J@usp.ac.fj) Subject: citing e-texts summary Dear LINGUISTS, Here is the summary of responses I received in answer to my query about citing e-texts. Firstly, though, I would like to thank the following people who kindly sent references and suggestions: Keith Schultz Bruce Nevin Ismail S Talib Evelyn Todd Karl Vogel Helmer Strik Joel Kristina Harris Loren Allen Billings Stavros Macrakis Golge Citak-Seferoglu Michael Bernstein Petur Knutsson Jane A. Edwards, and Allan C. Wechsler ***** Several people supplied the following references: 1. Li, Xia & Nancy B. Crane (1993) _Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information_. Meckler (ISBN 0-88736-909-x) Approx. $15.00. [This reference seems to be the standard which most scholars currently follow] 2. APA STYLE GUIDE Version 1.2, Revised July 14, 1994 Prepared by Ron Corio (rcorio@cabell.vcu.edu) & Maggi Sokolik (msokolik@uclink.berkeley.edu) Adapted from: American Psychological Association. (1983). _Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (3rd. Ed.)._ Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. 3. _The Chicago Manual of Style_ 14th edition (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 633-4, 699. And Loren Allen Billings gives the following reference: 4. _Text Encoding Initiative_. I'm not sure who published it, but it is two volumes of everything you want to know about standardizing electronic texts. Published in 1993, I believe. Jane Edwards informs that: TESL-EJ has prepared an electronic guide to preparing manuscripts according to APA (American Psychological Association) standards. This guide includes information on how to cite e-mail messages, online articles, as well as more traditional references. If you are interested in getting the guide, send a message to: LISTSERV@CMSA.BERKELEY.EDU The text of the message should be the following line (and nothing more!) GET TESLEJ-L APAGUIDE TESLEJ-L F=Mail ***** Jane then supplies a section from the TESL Publication Guide: Note: The following is not a complete listing. If you have a reference or citation that does not fit the examples given here, please consult one of the reference works above. If you do not have access to them, contact one of the authors of this file. INSTRUCTIONS Include a reference list (headed "References") at the end of the TESL-EJ article that documents your sources and provides the necessary information to identify and retrieve each source. References must include only the sources that were used in the research and preparation of the article. A reference list cites specific works that support a particular article. A bibliography cites works for background or for further reading. APA journal style requires reference lists, not bibliographies. Because of the limitations of ASCII, certain typographical features cannot be displayed on screen. Underscoring should be indicated by typing an underscore mark before and after the segment of text to be italicized or underlined. Example: ...in the journal _Language Learning_, Diacritical marking, such as umlauts or accent marks, should be omitted. If the omission of these marks creates ambiguity or possible misinterpretation, this can be clarified via a footnote or parenthetical explanation. Please note that the examples used in this document are for illustration only, and should not be used for actual citations. Many are fictional or partly fictional. Check all your sources carefully. I. IN-TEXT DOCUMENTATION Citation within the text of a document refers the reader to an alphabetical reference list at the end of the article. APA format uses the author-date method of citation. The surname of the author and the date of publication are inserted at the appropriate point in the text. A. One work by single author 1. If the name of the author appears in the text, cite only the year of publication in the text. Shannon's (1989) historical analysis.... 2. Otherwise, place the surname of the author and the year of publication with a comma separating the two. ...lead to successful language learning (Chaudron, 1988). 3. Within a paragraph you need not repeat the references to an author's work as long as it cannot be confused with other work cited in the article. B. One work by two or more authors 1. When a work has two authors, always use the surnames of both authors in all citations. Join the two names by an ampersand (&) within parentheses, or by "and" within the text. ...or simply ignore it (Hill & Parry, 1988). 2. When a work has 3-6 authors, use the surnames of all authors in the first citation. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." ...process the text hierarchically (Armbruster, Anderson & Ostertag, 1984).... 3. When a work has more than six authors, use only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." ...on a test with exclusively open-ended questions (Pollit et al., 1985). C. Works with no authors When a work has no author, cite the first two or three words of the reference list entry followed by the year. The first entry is usually the title. Underline the title of a periodical or book and use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter. ...on language use ("World languages," 1992). ... in the book (_Language Use_, 1991). D. Specific parts of a source To cite a specific part of a source, include the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation in the citation. The words "page" and "chapter" are abbreviated in such citations (see Abbreviations). ...and rewriting what is read (Freire, 1983, p. 11). Abbreviations: chap. chapter ed. edition rev. ed. revised edition 2nd ed. second edition Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) Trans. Translator(s) p. (pp.) page (pages) Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4) vols. volumes (as in four volumes) No. Number Pt. Part Tech. Rep. Technical Report Suppl. Supplement Geographical abbreviations: For the U.S., states and territories in the reference list should use the official two-letter U.S.P.S. abbreviation. City names and country names should not be abbreviated. E. Personal communications Letters, memos, telephone conversations, etc. are not included in the Reference List, thus are cited in the text only. Include the initials as well as the surname of the author and provide as exact a date as possible. ...according to D.B. Cooper (personal communication, April 15, 1969). F. References in parenthetical material If a reference appears within parentheses, use commas (not brackets) to set off the date. ...the second level (see Figure 1 of Cowell & Ross, 1992, for full explanation.) II. REFERENCE LIST A. Complete reference list The reference list should be in alphabetical order by author's surnames. With names including "de", "von", etc., those names should be alphabetized according to the rules of the language from which they originate. Each entry should be indented five spaces from the second line forward, and there should be a blank line between entries. B. APA style 1. Periodicals Doyle, W. (1977). Learning the classroom environment: An ecological analysis. _Journal of Teacher Education, 28_, 51-55. 2. Books a. Entire books Bishop, A. J. & Whitfield, R. C. (1982). _Situations in teaching_. London: McGraw-Hill. b. Article or chapter within a book Heath, S. B. (1989). The learner as culture member, In M. L. Rice & R. L. Schiefelbusch (Eds.), _The teachability of language_ (pp. 333-350). Toronto: Paul H. Brookes. 3. Technical and research reports Cummins, J. (1981). The role of primary language development in promoting educational success for language minority students. In California State Department of Education (Ed.), _Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical framework_. Los Angeles: California State University, Evaluation, Dissemination, and Assessment Center. 4. Proceedings of Meetings and Symposiums Olson, D. R., & Hildyard, A. (1980). _Literacy and the comprehension of literal meaning_. Paper presented at the Conference on the Development and Use of Writing Systems, Biefefeld, Germany. 5. Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses Besnier, N. (1986). _Spoken and written registers in a restricted-literacy setting_. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 6. Unpublished Manuscripts and Publications of Limited Circulation Parry, J. (1982). _Popular attitudes towards Hindu religious texts_. Unpublished manuscript. 7. Translations and Non-English Text Translation: Freud, S. (1920). _A general introduction to psychoanalysis_ (J. Riviere, Trans.). New York: Pocket Books. Non-English Text: Raynaud de Lage, G. (1975). _Introduction a l'ancien francais_, (9e edition). [_Introduction to Old French_, (9th Ed.)]. Paris: Societe d'Edition d'Enseignement Superieur. 8. Reviews and Interviews Book review: Rea, P.M. (1984). [Review of _Issues in Language Testing_ by Charles Alderson and Arthur Hughes, eds.]. _Language Learning 34, 3_, 175-188. Published interview: Smith, D. (1990). [Interview with Wu Leong]. _English Yesterday 10, 5_, 57-90. 9. Nonprint Media Film: Kirosawa, A. (Director & Producer). (1970). _Dodes 'kaden_ [Film]. Tokyo: Films Ltd. Audio Recording: Carter, B. (Speaker). (1977). _The growth of English_. (Cassette Recording No. 222). New York: Audio Associates. 10. Electronic Media Computer Programs: Sandford, J.A. & Browne, R.J. (1985). Captain's log: Cognitive Training System (Version 1.0) [Computer program]. Indianapolis: Psychological Software Services, Inc. Online databases: _The educational directory_. [Online]. (1992). Available: Knowledge Index File: The Educational Directory (EDUC6). FTP or Telnet: Kehoe, B.P. (1992). _Zen and the art of the Internet (2nd. Ed.), [Online]. Available FTP (or Telnet): quake.think.com Directory: pub/etext/1992 File: Zen10.text Articles available via e-mail: Root, C. (1994). ESL and learning disabilities: A guide for the ESL practitioner. _TESL-EJ 1_. Available e-mail: LISTSERV@CMSA.BERKELEY.EDU Message: GET TESLEJ01 A-4 TESLEJ-L F=Mail To cite e-mail messages: General format: Author (Year, month day). _Subject of message_ [e-mail to receiver's name], [Online]. Available e-mail: receiver's e-mail address. Example: Corio, R. (1994, June 1). _APA Guide deadline_ [e-mail to Margaret E. Sokolik], [Online]. Available e-mail: msokolik@uclink.berkeley.edu. ***** Far as the location of a citation within an e-text is concerned Keith Schultz offers the following advice: 1) mention of context; 2) character position of beginning within e-text 3) location given in paragraphs, lines, chapters, etc. Naturally, these methods are not very effective or feasible for the human reader, but a human with a computer can very effectively find the given citations within an e-text within seconds given the above information. Secondly, as e-text are generally located on mass storage (disks) they can be directly distributed with your article for reference. And not last but least the citation itself is a positional marker of the citation within the text itself if it is sufficiently large enough. Finally, some noteworthy comments and common sense advice: Keith also notes: "I would not cite any source without first knowing where it has come from and its source as it is far to easy to manipulate any e-text and pass it on without leaving any traces of foul play, other than it differing from the original." On this same note, Stavros Macrakis states: "If the provenance [of the e- text] is not clear, I don't know why you'd want to cite the thing in the first place! If I give you a half-dozen xerox copies without the necessary bibliographic information, you would be wise not to rely on them too much!" And finally an important note on etiquette from Evelyn Todd: "If you wish to cite an item that you received via [...e-mail lists], please consider if the posting was public or private and contact its author for permission to cite. Postings can be considered as published material, but it is always wise to check with the author before assuming that widespread dissemination was intended." [I hope the Evelyn and the other authors of the above comments do not mind my breaking this rule of etiquette here.] I hope the information in this summary is of as much use to you all as it is to me and colleagues. Thanks again to all those who contributed. "Moce mada" Jan Tent Department of Literature and Language School of Humanities The University of the South Pacific P.O. Box 1168 Suva FIJI